Search operators like AND, OR, and NOT are used to add or eliminate terms in a search query.
The OR operator is used between word(s) or phrases at the beginning of a search to broaden results and to account for variations in the way terms are used in content to be searched. If you try to use OR plus one term as an add-on to an existing Your Selections line, the OR will be ignored and only the term will be read because OR will not pull additional content into existing search results.
Phrase searching with quotation marks limits searches using your selected words in a precise order. Wildcards are used to add or eliminate various forms of a word. The NEAR@ ordered proximity search operator and the NEAR/ unordered proximity operators are used to search for search terms that appear close to each other if not next to each other.
The AND operator is automatically placed between search terms if a search operator is not added.
Here is a list of search operators that can be used.
Search Operators
| Operator |
Description of Function |
Example |
| and |
Find only documents that contain x and y in the same document. A blank space between terms also indicates the and operator. |
Find safe AND harbor AND privacy. Search results list files containing safe and harbor and privacy. Note: the symbol & is read as AND. |
| or |
Find either x or y in files. The symbol |(vertical line) also indicates the use of the OR operator. |
Find cybercrime (1 word) OR "cyber crime" (2 words) Search results list files containing either term or both terms. |
| not |
Find x but not y in the same file. |
Find harbor NOT EU. Search results list files containing the term harbor but not the term EU. |
| "" |
Find an exact phrase, ordered as listed within the quotation marks. |
Find "Rule 16" Search results list files containing the phrase "Rule 16" |
| near@n (ordered proximity) |
Find a term within n words of another term and in the same order; n
= a number. |
data near@3 authority Search results list files containing data within 3 words of authority, where data is first and authority is second. |
| near/n (unordered proximity) |
Find a term within n words of another term and in any order; n=
a number. |
security near/5 data Search results list files containing security within 5 words of data, where security appears first or data appears first. |
| ? |
Wildcard that replaces only one character per question mark |
wom ?n Search results list files containing women and woman. |
| * |
Wildcard that replaces a fraction or extension of a word. |
sanction* Search results list files containing sanction, sanctions, and sanctioned. |